Raj Computer & Typing Institute, Rawanwadi

  In the field of electronics and telecommunications, a signal refers to any time-varying quantity that carries information. Signals can take many forms, such as electrical voltage, current, or electromagnetic waves, and can be used to represent various types of information, such as voice, video, or data. Signals are typically classified based on their frequency and time-domain characteristics. For example, signals can be periodic or aperiodic, continuous-time or discrete-time, analog or digital, and so on. In addition, signals can be processed and analyzed using various techniques, such as filtering, modulation, demodulation, and Fourier analysis. Signal processing is a broad field that encompasses the theory and application of techniques for analyzing, synthesizing, and manipulating signals. It has many applications in fields such as telecommunications, audio and video processing, biomedical engineering, and control systems. इलेक्ट्रॉनिक्स और दूरसंचार के क्षेत्र में, एक संकेत किस...

Data Representation and Computer Organization   Data representation refers to the method used to represent and store data in a computer's memory or storage. The most common data representation method is binary, which uses a series of 0's and 1's to represent information. Computer organization refers to the way in which a computer system is structured and designed. This includes the hardware components, such as the central processing unit (CPU), memory, input/output devices, and storage devices, as well as the software components, such as the operating system and applications. The way data is represented is closely related to computer organization, as the hardware components of a computer system are designed to work with specific data representation methods. For example, the CPU is designed to perform arithmetic and logical operations on binary data. डेटा प्रतिनिधित्व एक कंप्यूटर की मेमोरी या स्टोरेज में डेटा का प्रतिनिधित्व करने और स्टोर करने के लिए उपयोग की जाने वाली विध...

Special application software refers to programs designed to perform specific tasks or functions that are unique to a particular industry or profession. Here are some examples of computer special application software: Computer-aided design (CAD) software: Used by engineers, architects, and designers to create 2D and 3D models of products, buildings, and other structures. Computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) software: Used in manufacturing to control and optimize the production process. Geographic Information System (GIS) software: Used by geographers and environmental scientists to map and analyze geographical data. Electronic Medical Records (EMR) software: Used by healthcare professionals to manage and organize patient medical records. Video editing software: Used by video professionals to edit and produce videos for television, film, and online platforms. Music production software: Used by music producers to create and edit music tracks. Financial management software: Used by bus...

Wearable / Smartwatch smartwatch,  a small smartphone like device worn on the wrist . Many smartwatches are connected to a smartphone that notifies the user of incoming calls, e-mail messages, and notifications from applications. Some smartwatches can even make telephone calls. Wearable devices are  products controlled by electronic components and software that can be incorporated into clothing or worn on the body like accessories . Nowadays, a variety of wearable devices, such as smart glasses and smartwatches, have been invented.

  A handheld personal computer is a pocket-sized computer typically built around a clamshell form factor and is significantly smaller than any standard laptop computer, but based on the same principles. A smartphone is a cellular telephone with an integrated computer and other features not originally associated with telephones such as an operating system, web browsing, and the ability to run software applications.

  A tablet computer, commonly shortened to tablet, is a mobile device, typically with a mobile operating system and touchscreen display processing circuitry, and a rechargeable battery in a single, thin and flat package. Tablets are smaller and lighter than laptop computers, making them easy to manage and carry around, especially for younger children. It feels more like carrying a book or a large smartphone than a computer, yet many tablets offer just as much storage as Chromebooks.

Laptop Laptop A laptop computer or notebook computer, also known as a laptop or notebook for short, is a small, portable personal computer. A notebook computer, sometimes called a laptop computer, typically weighs less than 5 pounds and is 3 inches or less in thickness. Among the best-known makers of notebook and laptop computers are  IBM, Apple, Compaq, Dell, Toshiba, and Hewlett-Packard .

Desktop A desktop computer is a personal computer designed for regular use at a stationary location on or near a desk due to its size and power requirements. A PC or microcomputer uses a single chip (microprocessor) for its central processing unit (CPU). “Microcomputer” is now primarily used to mean a PC, but it can refer to any kind of small computer, such as a desktop computer, laptop computer, tablet, smartphone, or wearable.

Micro Computer   A microcomputer is  a complete computer on a small scale, designed for use by one person at a time . An antiquated term, a microcomputer is now primarily called a personal computer (PC), or a device based on a single-chip microprocessor. Common microcomputers include laptops and desktops. A microcomputer is a small, relatively inexpensive computer having a central processing unit made out of a microprocessor. The computer also includes memory and input/output circuitry together mounted on a printed circuit board. Common microcomputers include  laptops and desktops . Beyond standard PCs, microcomputers also include some calculators, mobile phones, notebooks, workstations and embedded systems. Smaller than a mainframe or minicomputer, a microcomputer uses a single integrated semiconductor chip for its central processing unit (CPU).

  Minicomputers were used for  scientific and engineering computations, business transaction processing, file handling, and database management . Minicomputers as a distinct class of computers emerged in the late 1950s and reached their peak in the 1960s and '70s before declining in popularity in the 1980s and '90s. A minicomputer is also called as a mid-range computer. Minicomputers are mainly multi-users systems where more than one user can work simultaneously. Mini computer examples:  IBM's AS/400e, Honeywell200, TI-990 . Minicomputer can support multi-users at a time or you can say that minicomputer is a multiprocessing system. The minicomputer has the following characteristics: It is smaller in size than a mainframe computer. It is less expensive than a super and mainframe computer. It is not much more powerful than the mainframe and supercomputer, but powerful than microcomputers. It supports multiprocessing and multi-tasking.

Mainframe Computer Mainframes are computers. At their core, mainframes are  high-performance computers with large amounts of memory and processors that process billions of simple calculations and transactions in real time . Features of a Mainframe Computer Presence of two processors. ... Multiple input/output (I/O) cards. ... High storage capacity. ... RAS-based performance. ... No interruptions in the functioning. ... Multiple operating systems on the same machine. ... Throughput-driven fault-tolerant computing. ... Clustering technology. A mainframe computer, informally called a mainframe or big iron, is a computer used primarily by large organizations for critical applications like bulk data processing for tasks such as censuses, industry and consumer statistics, enterprise resource planning, and large-scale transaction processing.

C++ Data Types  In C++, data types are declarations for variables. This determines the type and size of data associated with variables. For example. int age=13; Here, age is a variable of type int. Meaning, the variable can only store integers of either 2 or 4 bytes. C++ Fundamental Data Types Data Type          Meaning                                   Size (in Bytes) int                         Integer                                        2 or 4 float                     Floating-point                         4 double       ...

C++ Variables: In programming, a variable is a container (storage area) to hold data. प्रोग्रामिंग में, डेटा रखने के लिए एक variable एक कंटेनर (भंडारण क्षेत्र) है। To Indicate the storage area, each variable should be given a unique name (identifier). ( प्रोग्रामिंग में, डेटा रखने के लिए एक Variable एक कंटेनर (भंडारण क्षेत्र) है।  भंडारण क्षेत्र की पहचान करने के लिए, प्रत्येक Variable को एक अद्वितीय नाम (पहचानकर्ता) दिया जाना चाहिए।)  For example. ( int age=14;) H er e, age is a variable of the int data type, and we have assigned an integer value 14 to it. Note: The int data type suggests that the variable can only hold integers. Similarly, we can use the double data type if we have to store decimals and exponentials. The value of a variable can be changed, hence the name variable . int age=14;        //age is 14 age=17;              //age is 17 Rules for naming a variable: A variable name ca...