Elements of Object Oriented Programming

 The following are the key elements of object-oriented programming:

  1. Classes: A class is a blueprint or template for creating objects. It defines the attributes (data) and behaviors (methods) that the objects will have.

  2. Objects: Objects are instances of a class that are created at runtime. They represent a specific instance of the class and have their own state (data) and behavior (methods).

  3. Abstraction: Abstraction is the process of representing complex real-world objects as simplified models in code. This is achieved by focusing on the essential features and ignoring irrelevant details.

  4. Inheritance: Inheritance is the ability of a class to inherit properties and behaviors from another class, called the superclass or parent class. This allows for the creation of a hierarchy of classes, with more specific classes inheriting from more general ones.

  5. Polymorphism: Polymorphism is the ability of objects to take on different forms or behaviors depending on the context in which they are used. This is achieved through method overloading and method overriding.

  6. Encapsulation: Encapsulation is the practice of hiding the internal workings of an object from the outside world, and providing a well-defined interface for interacting with it. This is achieved by marking attributes and methods as public, private, or protected.

  7. Modularity: Modularity is the practice of breaking down a large system into smaller, more manageable modules. This makes it easier to develop, test, and maintain the code, and allows for code reuse across different projects.

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