Computer and Smartphone Skills

 

1. What is Booting?

Booting is the process of starting or restarting a computer. During booting, the system initializes hardware and loads the operating system into the computer’s memory (RAM). Types include:

  • Cold Boot: Starting the computer when it is powered off.

  • Warm Boot: Restarting the computer without turning off the power.

2. Google Name Story

The name "Google" originates from the mathematical term "googol," representing the number 1 followed by 100 zeros. It symbolizes the company's mission to organize the immense amount of information available online.

3. What is Data?

Data refers to raw, unorganized facts and figures, such as numbers, text, or images. For example:

  • Data: 23, 45, 67

  • Information: These are the ages of three students.

4. Google’s Self-Driving Car

Google’s self-driving car project, now called Waymo, utilizes AI, sensors, and advanced mapping technology to navigate autonomously, aiming to enhance road safety and accessibility.

5. Information System

An information system collects, processes, stores, and distributes information to support decision-making and coordination. Examples include customer relationship management (CRM) systems and enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems.

6. What is Software?

Software is a set of instructions or programs enabling hardware to perform specific tasks. Types include:

  • System Software: Manages hardware and runs applications (e.g., operating systems).

  • Application Software: Helps users perform specific tasks (e.g., MS Word).

7. Google Project Loon

Project Loon aimed to provide internet connectivity in remote areas using high-altitude balloons equipped with transceivers.

8. What is Hardware?

Hardware includes the physical components of a computer system, such as the CPU, motherboard, keyboard, and monitor.

9. Google Glass

Google Glass is an AR-enabled wearable device with a head-mounted display, enabling users to access information hands-free.

10. Types of Micro Computers

Microcomputers are personal computers designed for individual use. Examples include:

  • Desktop: Stationary computers.

  • Laptop: Portable computers.

  • Tablet: Touchscreen devices.

  • Netbook: Compact and internet-focused.

  • Handheld: Smartphones and PDAs.

11. Smart Watches

Wearable devices combining communication, fitness tracking, and health monitoring features, e.g., Apple Watch and Fitbit.

12. Working of Computer

The computer follows the Input-Process-Output-Storage (IPOS) cycle:

  1. Input: Data entered using devices like a keyboard.

  2. Process: Data processed by the CPU.

  3. Output: Results displayed on a monitor or printer.

  4. Storage: Data saved on devices like hard drives.

13. Flexible Technology

Devices or systems that adapt to varying user needs, e.g., foldable phones or modular PCs.

14. Use of Internet for Entertainment

The Internet offers:

  • Streaming: Movies and shows on Netflix or YouTube.

  • Gaming: Online multiplayer games.

  • Music: Platforms like Spotify and Apple Music.

15. Transparent Technology

Technology seamlessly integrated into daily life, e.g., virtual assistants like Alexa or Google Home.

16. Uses of Internet for Education

The Internet supports education through:

  • E-learning: Platforms like Coursera.

  • Virtual Classrooms: Tools like Zoom.

  • Research: Access to online journals.

17. Internet & Web

  • Internet: A global network connecting millions of devices.

  • Web: A service on the Internet for accessing interlinked web pages.

18. Browser

Software like Chrome or Firefox used to navigate the Web.

19. URL & Hyperlink

  • URL: The web address of a page, e.g., https://www.google.com.

  • Hyperlink: Clickable text or image linking to another resource.

20. Email

A method of exchanging digital messages over the Internet. Examples include Gmail and Outlook.

21. Instant Messaging

Real-time text communication, often enriched with emojis, voice, or video calls (e.g., WhatsApp).

22. WWW (World Wide Web)

A collection of interlinked web pages and multimedia content accessible via the Internet.

23. E-commerce

The buying and selling of goods/services online through platforms like Amazon or Flipkart.

24. Electronic Commerce Securities

Technologies like encryption, firewalls, and secure payment gateways to protect online transactions.

25. Using Wikipedia

A free, user-generated online encyclopedia offering articles on various topics.

26. Domain Name

The human-readable web address of a site, e.g., www.example.com.

27. Social Networking

Platforms like Facebook or Instagram for connecting and interacting with others online.

28. Mark Zuckerberg

Co-founder and CEO of Facebook, one of the largest social media platforms.

29. Internet Service Provider (ISP)

Companies that provide Internet connectivity, e.g., Comcast or AT&T.

30. Budhayana

Ancient Indian mathematician who laid the groundwork for concepts like the Pythagorean theorem.

31. Internet Modem

A device that connects a computer to the Internet by converting digital signals to analog and vice versa.

32. World Wide Web’s History

Invented by Tim Berners-Lee in 1989, the WWW revolutionized how information is accessed and shared.

33. File Transfer Protocol (FTP)

A standard protocol for transferring files between computers over a network.

34. Navigation Technology

Systems like GPS for determining location and providing directions.

35. Web-Based Applications

Applications accessed through a browser, e.g., Google Docs.

36. Takshashila

An ancient Indian learning center, considered the world’s first university.

37. Plugins and Extensions

Add-ons to enhance browser functionality, e.g., ad blockers or grammar checkers.

38. Homi Bhabha

The father of India’s nuclear program.

39. Filters

Tools for sorting or refining data, like spam filters in email.

40. Larry Page

Co-founder of Google and a pioneer in web search technology.

41. Content Evaluation & Internet Security Suites

Evaluating online content for credibility and using tools like antivirus software for protection.

42. Home Network and Wi-Fi

A local area network in homes connecting devices wirelessly for Internet access.

43. Device Drivers

Software that enables communication between hardware and the operating system.

44. Disk Cleanup and Defragmenter

Tools to remove unnecessary files and reorganize fragmented data for better performance.

45. Motherboard

The main circuit board housing the CPU, memory, and other essential components.

46. Microprocessor Chips

The brain of the computer, executing instructions and performing calculations.

47. Specialty Processors

Processors designed for specific tasks, e.g., GPUs for rendering graphics.

48. Bus Lines

Pathways for transferring data between computer components.

49. AC and DC Power Supply

  • AC (Alternating Current): Used in power grids.

  • DC (Direct Current): Used in electronic devices.

50. Binary System & Binary Coding Scheme

Represents data using 0s and 1s, forming the basis of all digital computing.

51. Power Supply Unit (PSU)

Converts electrical energy into usable power for computer components.

52. Input Devices

Devices like keyboards, mice, and scanners used to send data to a computer.

53. Digital Camera

Captures images and videos digitally, storing them electronically.

54. Output Devices

Devices like monitors and printers that display or produce results from a computer.

55. QWERTY

The standard layout of English keyboards.

56. Features of Monitors

Key features include resolution, refresh rate, screen size, and panel type (LCD, LED).

57. Voice Recognition Systems

Convert spoken words into text or commands for digital devices.

58. 3D Printing

Creates physical objects by layering material based on digital designs.

59. Card Reader

Reads data from memory cards, commonly used in cameras and phones.

60. Bill Gates

Co-founder of Microsoft and a philanthropist who revolutionized personal computing.

61. Storage

Devices like hard drives, SSDs, and cloud storage used to save data.

62. Optical Disc

Storage media like CDs, DVDs, and Blu-rays for digital data.

63. C.V. Raman

Indian physicist who discovered the Raman Effect in light scattering.

64. Hard Disk and RAID

  • Hard Disk: Primary storage device.

  • RAID: Combines multiple disks for redundancy or performance.

65. Steve Jobs

Co-founder of Apple Inc., known for innovative products like the iPhone and Mac.

66. Solid State Storage

Faster, reliable storage devices like SSDs with no moving parts.

67. Mass Storage Devices

High-capacity storage like Network Attached Storage (NAS).

68. Tim Berners-Lee

Inventor of the World Wide Web.

69. Internet Hard Drive

Cloud-based storage accessible through the Internet.

70. Topology

The arrangement of network components, e.g., star, ring, or mesh topology.

71. Types of Network

  • LAN: Local Area Network.

  • WAN: Wide Area Network.

  • MAN: Metropolitan Area Network.

72. Robert Cailliau

Collaborated with Tim Berners-Lee on the development of the World Wide Web.

73. Protocol

Rules governing data transfer in a network, e.g., HTTP, FTP.

74. Physical Connection of Networks

  • Wired: Ethernet cables.

  • Wireless: Wi-Fi, Bluetooth.

75. Analog and Digital

  • Analog: Continuous signals.

  • Digital: Binary signals (0s and 1s).

76. Bandwidth

The amount of data that can be transmitted over a network in a given time.

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