CPU

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⭐ What is CPU (Central Processing Unit)?

CPU = Central Processing Unit
It is called the brain of the computer because it controls all operations and processes all data.

CPU performs 3 main functions:

  1. Input को पढ़ना (Read data)

  2. Processing करना (Process data)

  3. Output देना (Give result)

⭐ Parts of CPU / CPU Components

CPU mainly has three major units:

1. ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit)

  • Performs mathematical operations: +, −, ×, ÷

  • Performs logical operations: >, <, =, AND, OR

  • Makes calculations & decisions.

2. CU (Control Unit)

  • Controls all hardware parts

  • Tells memory, ALU, input/output devices what to do

  • Works like a traffic controller

3. Registers

  • Very fast, small memory inside the CPU

  • Stores temporary data during operations

⭐ How CPU Works (Step-by-Step)

  1. Fetch – Instruction memory से लेता है

  2. Decode – Instruction को समझता है

  3. Execute – ALU/CU के through process करता है

  4. Store – Result memory में store करता है

This is called the Fetch–Decode–Execute Cycle.

⭐ Types of CPU Processors

1. Based on Architecture

  • 32-bit processor

  • 64-bit processor (More powerful)

2. Based on Company

(A) Intel Processors Series

  • Pentium

  • Celeron

  • Core i3

  • Core i5

  • Core i7

  • Core i9

  • Xeon (Professional/Servers)

(B) AMD Processors Series

  • Ryzen 3

  • Ryzen 5

  • Ryzen 7

  • Ryzen 9

  • Threadripper (High performance)

⭐ Cores and Threads

CPU Core

One core = one processing unit.
More cores = more multitasking and faster performance.

Example:

  • Dual-core – 2 cores

  • Quad-core – 4 cores

  • Octa-core – 8 cores

  • 16-core, 32-core (advanced processors)

Threads

Threads are like virtual cores.
More threads = more tasks handled at same time.

Example:
Intel Hyper-Threading / AMD SMT

⭐ Clock Speed

Measured in GHz (Gigahertz).
Higher GHz = faster processing speed.

Example:
2.0 GHz, 3.2 GHz, 4.0 GHz, etc.

⭐ Cache Memory in CPU

Small and very fast memory inside CPU.

Types of cache:

  • L1 Cache – Fastest, smallest

  • L2 Cache – Medium

  • L3 Cache – Largest, slower than L1/L2

More cache = faster performance.

⭐ Types of CPU Based on Size

  • Microprocessor – Used in computers

  • Microcontroller – Used in embedded systems

  • Mini computer processors

  • Mainframe & Supercomputer processors

⭐ Modern CPU Features

  • Multi-core design

  • Hyper-threading

  • Turbo boost technology

  • Integrated graphics

  • Low power consumption

  • High performance for AI, gaming, editing

⭐ Examples of Popular Processors

Intel

  • Intel Core i3 12100

  • Intel Core i5 12400

  • Intel Core i7 12700

  • Intel Core i9 12900K

AMD

  • Ryzen 5 5600

  • Ryzen 7 5800X

  • Ryzen 9 5950X

⭐ Difference Between CPU and GPU

CPUGPU
Multi-purposeSpecial for graphics
Few cores (4–16)Many cores (1000+)
Good for logic tasksGood for gaming, AI, video rendering

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