Computer Hardware Basics

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🖥️ Computer Hardware Basics

Computer Hardware means the physical parts of a computer that we can see and touch.

🔹 Main Parts of Computer Hardware

1️⃣ CPU (Central Processing Unit)

👉 CPU is the brain of the computer.

Functions:

  • Processes data

  • Executes instructions

  • Controls all operations

Parts of CPU:

  • ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit) – Calculations

  • CU (Control Unit) – Controls operations

  • Registers – Temporary storage

Types:

  • Single Core

  • Dual Core

  • Quad Core

  • Octa Core

2️⃣ RAM (Random Access Memory)

👉 RAM is temporary memory.

Functions:

  • Stores running programs

  • Fast access

  • Data lost when power is off

Types:

  • DDR3

  • DDR4

  • DDR5

Example:
More RAM = Faster performance.

3️⃣ Hard Disk / Storage

👉 Stores permanent data.

Types:

  • HDD – Mechanical, slower

  • SSD – Fast, no moving parts

  • NVMe – Very fast

Use:

  • Store OS, files, software

4️⃣ Motherboard

👉 Main circuit board of the computer.

Functions:

  • Connects all parts

  • Provides power paths

  • Controls communication

Contains:

  • CPU socket

  • RAM slots

  • Ports

  • Chipset

5️⃣ Power Supply (SMPS)

👉 Provides power to computer.

Functions:

  • Converts AC to DC

  • Supplies power to components

6️⃣ Input Devices

👉 Used to enter data.

Examples:

  • Keyboard

  • Mouse

  • Scanner

  • Webcam

  • Microphone

7️⃣ Output Devices

👉 Show results.

Examples:

  • Monitor

  • Printer

  • Speaker

  • Projector

8️⃣ GPU (Graphics Card)

👉 Handles graphics and video.

Functions:

  • Gaming

  • Video editing

  • Rendering

Types:

  • Integrated GPU

  • Dedicated GPU

9️⃣ Cooling System

👉 Keeps system cool.

Examples:

  • Fan

  • Heat Sink

  • Liquid Cooling

🔹 Difference Between Hardware & Software

HardwareSoftware
Physical partsPrograms
Can touchCannot touch
Needs softwareNeeds hardware

🔹 Example of Hardware

✔ CPU
✔ RAM
✔ SSD
✔ Keyboard
✔ Monitor

🎯 Short Notes (For Exams)

  • CPU is the brain of computer.

  • RAM is volatile memory.

  • Hard disk is non-volatile memory.

  • Motherboard connects all parts.

  • GPU handles graphics.

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